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(Note: The following points are intended to give anti-rape advocates
and educators ideas about how to think about and respond to
various aspects of the Kobe Bryant rape case. This is the first
in what will likely be a series of bulletins presented by Jackson
Katz and CALCASA over the coming months. For more information
and anti-rape resources, contact the CALCASA Rape Prevention
Resource Center at www.calcasa.org).
1) Because of its high-profile nature, the Kobe Bryant rape
trial presents a rare teachable moment. There is and will continue
to be a deluge of media attention that exploits the salacious
aspects of the case: sex, violence, race, and celebrity. But
the case also provides the opportunity for anti-rape educators
and activists to educate the public about rape. How? Through
media interviews, television specials, newspaper articles, and
trainings for journalists. Also, by raising the issue in middle
school, high school, and college classrooms across the country.
Television coverage in these sorts of cases tends to emphasize
the contentious legal issues: e.g. defense attorneys and former
prosecutors arguing endlessly about rules of evidence, who is
or is not an effective witness, etc. We should try to broaden
the conversation to talk about the societal context within which
rape is so common. Some questions we should raise whenever we
get the chance: why is the rape rate so high in the U.S.? Why
do so many men rape women? If over 99% of rape is perpetrated
by men - whether the victims are female or male - why is rape
considered a “women’s issue?” What is going on
with American men - whether we’re star athletes or just
average guys -- that causes so many of us to assault women?
Do men who are not rapists contribute to the problem - or to
its solution? What role is played by friends, family members,
classmates, and teammates?
We should also educate people about connections between rape-supportive
attitudes and real acts of rape. An example of rape-supportive
attitudes: saying, as some have in this case, that a woman “should
know what to expect” when she goes up to a man’s room
late at night; defending some men’s sexist or degrading
comments about women; or laughing uncritically at jokes about
rape and other forms of men’s violence against women.
2) Kobe Bryant is a wondrous athlete and a phenomenal basketball
player. His exploits on the court and his public image off the
court have won him millions of fans, presumably most of whom
want to believe he is not guilty of anything beyond adultery
and incredibly poor judgment. It is important to note that before
this incident, many of his fans included women and men in the
anti-rape movement, as well as rape survivors.
But people who know a lot about rape - from the perspective
of victims as well as the perspective of the criminal justice
system -- know that false reports of rape are rare. Rarer still
is the situation where a victim falsely reports a rape, then
sticks to her/his story long enough for a district attorney
to file charges and commence the prosecution of a case. It is
understandable that Kobe Bryant fans are hoping their hero will
be exonerated. But if they have any sense of fairness, these
fans have to support a fair trial, and withhold judgment until
all of the evidence is presented in a court of law.
3) It is important to emphasize that this case is The People
of Colorado vs. Kobe Bryant. It is not a “he said, she
said” case, or the entertainment-like “Kobe vs. the
Cheerleader.” When people say it’s a “he said,
she said” case, we need to correct them by pointing out
the following: on the morning of July 1, 2003, the alleged victim
went to the police and reported that she had been raped by Kobe
Bryant the night before. Soon thereafter, Eagle County Sheriff
Joe Hoy approached a judge, who signed an arrest warrant. Two
weeks later, Eagle County district attorney Mark Hurlbert, after
reviewing the physical and testimonial evidence he had available
to him, made the decision to prosecute Kobe Bryant on one charge
of felony sexual assault. If people have a problem with the
charge, they should address their concerns/complaints to the
duly elected and appointed authorities in Colorado. It was,
after all, the district attorney who made the decision to prosecute
- not the alleged victim.
It is simply not true that this case pits one person’s
word against another’s. Kobe Bryant most assuredly deserves
a fair trial on the charge against him. No one would deny him
his right to defend himself to the best of his ability in a
court of law. But let’s be clear. Calling the case a “he
said-she said” is part of an attempt by Kobe Bryant’s
defenders to discredit the alleged victim before a jury has
even seen or heard the evidence. It also fits a larger pattern
where some men - and women - seek to reduce the serious felony
charge of sexual assault to a matter of poor communication or
an unhappy sexual encounter. This fundamentally misstates the
gravity of what is alleged to have happened, which is an egregious
violation of one person’s bodily integrity by another.
4) Media commentators and others have been referring to the
19-year-old alleged victim as Kobe Bryant's "accuser."
This is an inappropriate usage because the term "accuser"
subtly but powerfully undermines the credibility of the alleged
victim, and furthers the mistaken impression that this is a
"he-said-she said" case. Imagine if every time people
said Bryant's name, they referred to him as "the accused,"
or "the accused rapist" Kobe Bryant. As Los Angeles
Commission on Assaults Against Women Executive Director Patti
Giggans and others have maintained, referring to her as the
"alleged victim," or the "victim-witness,"
and him as "Kobe Bryant," or "the defendant,"
is a much more fair and even-handed way to describe the principals
in this case. Rape crisis advocates have also traditionally
used the term “rape survivor” and “victim/survivor”
when referring to rape and sexual assault victims.
5) There has been a lot of victim-blaming and victim-bashing
on talk radio and in parts of the male sports culture over the
past few weeks. But it is not accurate to make blanket statements
about the tone of the commentary. In fact, there have been a
number of thoughtful pieces written by men - including men of
color -- that have explored some of the issues of this case
with sensitivity and balance. A couple of examples: Kevin Jackson,
the coordinating editor of ESPN.Com, wrote a widely circulated
piece around July 29 called "Who's the Victim Here?"
Jack McCallum wrote a cover story in the July 28 issue of Sports
Illustrated called “The Dark Side of a Star.”
If you’re a woman and want to deflect criticism that you’re
“biased” or somehow don’t understand the “men’s
perspective” (these are sexist assumptions), you can reference
some of these male writers to support your position.
6) Race will continue to be a factor in the popular conversation
about this case - whether it’s spoken aloud or not. Depending
on the strategy chosen by the defense, it might also be a factor
in the courtroom. It is important for anti-rape advocates and
educators to bring up the racial subtext whenever possible -
or at the very least be prepared to discuss it when others raise
it. The defendant is an African American man, and the alleged
victim a white woman. Our country has a long and sordid history
of racism. Rape and racism have been the pretext for untold
numbers of lynchings and other racist outbursts on the part
of whites. It is important to acknowledge this history and denounce
it.
It is especially important to acknowledge the “whiteness”
of the environment where the crime allegedly took place -- and
where the trial is likely to be held -- because the defendant
is an African American man. You should condemn racism in all
its forms. But then you can say that we need to focus on the
facts of this case, because justice demands that we do our utmost
for the rights of everyone concerned: the victim, the community,
and the defendant.
It might be useful to point out that men and women of color
have been among the many thoughtful commentators about the Bryant
case in the past few weeks (e.g. Kevin Jackson on ESPN.Com.).
It might also be useful to mention that there have been other
high-profile rape trials involving professional athletes where
the racial aspects have been different, but some of the sexist
arguments have been eerily similar to this case. For example,
the Mike Tyson rape trial evoked charges of racism from some
quarters - but the victim was also African American. (Tyson
was convicted.) In the Mark Chmura rape trial, Chmura, a tight
end for the Green Bay Packers, who is white, was charged with
raping a 17-year-old white girl at a prom party in April 2000.
(He was acquitted.) In both of those cases, the victim was described
- by people who didn’t know her and had never met her -
as a “golddigger” out to take advantage of a wealthy
man through a false allegation. If you want more info on either
of those cases -- to show the similarities of the sexism in
different racial contexts -- go to Google.com or another search
engine.
7) There are some national data which suggest that male athletes
are more likely than non-athletes to assault women. One oft-cited
study of 10 large universities and colleges in 1995 found that
male student-athletes comprised 3.3 % of the male student population,
yet accounted for 19 % of reported perpetrators of sexual assaults.
Clearly, much more study in this area is required. But even
if it could be proven conclusively that male athletes are more
likely to commit sexual assault than non-athletes, we’re
still left with the fact that the vast majority of sexual assaults
are perpetrated by non-athletes. So while it might be useful
to know why some (male) athletes assault women, this knowledge
alone wouldn’t help us much in trying to figure out why
stockbrokers, teachers, priests, auto mechanics and Ivy League
students also commit rape.
Rapists are mostly non-athletes. They come from every socioeconomic
class, racial, and ethnic group. They can be slight of build
or big and powerful. The most important characteristic rapists
have in common is their gender: approximately 99% of rapists
are men.
8) There has been a lot of talk in the past few weeks about
women who use false allegations of rape to extort money from
professional athletes. Men who make this claim often do so with
the slightly self-inflated air of someone who wants you to think
they’re privy to valuable insider information, like they’re
members of the club. Some men who travel in elite sports circles
claim to know that it’s a common practice. But how do they
know? Has it ever happened to them, or someone they know? And
even then, how do they know that extortion is what actually
happened? Presumably, in the rare instances when there is an
out-of-court cash settlement between an athlete and a woman
who alleges that he raped her, one condition of the settlement
is a public gag order. So we don’t know if he actually
raped her and then bought her silence, or if they had consensual
sex as part of her scheme.
One way to respond to people who claim that “false rape
accusations for the purpose of extortion are common” is
to ask: Can you cite statistics on how prevalent this is? Can
you provide the names of women who have done it, or the athletes
who’ve been extorted? If not, then what is the basis for
your belief that there is a widespread problem of women falsely
accusing men? Rumors?
9) Rape shield laws apply to the type of information that is
admissible as evidence in a court of law. Among other things,
they prevent defense attorneys from turning a case away from
a debate about the merits of the evidence of an alleged crime
by the defendant and into a referendum on the alleged victim’s
prior sexual history. But there are no rape shield laws on the
streets, around the water cooler at work, or in the lounge in
a college dormitory. Media commentators are not bound by rape
shield laws. In other words, outside of the courtroom, people
can say what they want about the alleged victim - and some people
have been saying some nasty things about the 19-year-old Eagle,
Colorado woman at the center of this storm.
It is important to remember that one group of people who will
be watching this case closely is rape victims. Most never report
the crime, in part because they fear the type of vilification
(albeit on a much smaller scale) that Bryant’s alleged
victim is encountering. Many victims never disclose their stories
to people around them. (Do you know every detail of the life
histories of people around you?) We can support these silent
victims - in some cases they are our family members and friends
-- by speaking up and interrupting trash-talking about Bryant’s
alleged victim whenever possible. Suggested retorts: “Do
you know her?” “How can you say something like that
- do you have some sort of inside knowledge of what went on
that night?” “How would you feel if it was your sister
or your friend who reported a rape?” “It takes a lot
of guts for a victim to come forward.” But every time one
does, it makes it that much harder for the culture of rape to
continue.
10) Some have argued that for high-profile male athletes, the
most important lesson of the Kobe Bryant case is: “Don’t
have sex on the road with women you don’t know,” (because
of how supposedly vulnerable these high-profile men are). This
feeds into the inflated fear on the part of some prominent male
athletes that there are all sorts of women out seeking to extort
money from men by falsely accusing them of sexual assault.
But the most powerful lesson of the Bryant case to high-profile
athletes - indeed, all men - is: DON’T EVER FORCE A WOMAN
(OR A MAN) TO HAVE SEX WITH YOU. If you don’t force yourself
on anyone, you are highly unlikely ever to be charged with a
crime. If you do have sex with someone against her will -- regardless
of how many other women might willingly have sex with you --
you are committing rape. You may or may not ever be charged
with a crime. Contrary to some men’s inflated fear of being
falsely accused, the vast majority of rapes are never reported.
But you’ll know in your heart that you’ve committed
a terrible crime, and you’ll have to live with yourself.
And you do run the risk of facing criminal charges, which will
turn your life upside down and potentially threaten everything
you’ve worked so hard to achieve.
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